Exploring the Level of Agricultural Development Using Greenhouse Mapping: A Case Study of Shandong Province, China

Greenhouse is a unique form of land use that plays a crucial role in agricultural production. Accurately mapping the spatial distribution of greenhouses and accurately evaluating the level of regional agricultural development are of great significance in promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and guaranteeing national food security. In this study, the Google Earth Engine platform is used to obtain the spectral features, index features, and texture features of time-series Sentinel-1 data and Sentinel-2 data to generate the greenhouse spatial distribution maps of Shandong Province from 2019 to 2022. On this basis, a greenhouse-based agricultural development-level index is proposed for expressing and exploring the regional agricultural development level. The results of the study show that the overall accuracy of the greenhouse result map of Shandong Province is above 93%, providing a reliable foundation for subsequent analyses. Moreover, the proposed greenhouse-based agricultural development-level index, derived from greenhouse distribution data, closely aligns with the existing statistical information, effectively reflecting the regional agricultural development level.