Transforming 5G Mega-Constellation Communications: A Self-Organized Network Architecture Perspective

With the widespread adoption of 5G as a communication standard, satellite mega-constellations have emerged as viable alternatives and complement terrestrial networks, offering extensive and reliable communication services across a broad spectrum of users and applications. These constellations are already equipped with inter-satellite links and adaptable payloads capable of supporting Radio Access Network (RAN) and core network functionalities, forming complex space-based networks characterized by overlapping layers of multi-orbit, grid-like topologies that undergo continuous, yet predictable, changes—peculiarities not currently addressed within the 5G standards framework. To cope with this technology gap, this paper introduces a novel architecture for 5G services relying on satellite mega-constellations, which adhere to the principles of self-organized networks. This architecture is designed to align seamlessly with 5G service requirements, while also accommodating the unique topological and infrastructural constraints of mega-constellations. In more detail, the paper first outlines the fundamental principles of self-organizing networks that facilitate real-time system adaptation to internal topological shifts and external fluctuations in service demand. Then, we detail a 5G network architecture incorporating these principles, which includes 1) dynamic placement and migration of radio and core network control plane functions, 2) the strategic positioning of the data path, service, and AI decision functionalities to improve end-to-end service quality and reliability, and 3) the integration of dynamically established multi-connectivity options to increase the overall service dependability. These innovations aim for a seamless integration of space-based networks with terrestrial counterparts, creating a robust, cost-effective convergent telecommunication system.