Lossy-integrator biquadratic RC-active filters

A lossy-integrator realization of any of the common biquadratic transfer functions is presented, employing three isotopic dual-input active blocks. The principal advantage offered by the proposed canonic networks is that the intrinsically stable active blocks may be trimmed in isolation using simple gain and phase measurements made at a single frequency. The networks possess low or zero passive-element
Q
sensitivities and have low-frequency sensitivities combined with a lossy-capacitor tolerance. In addition, high-tolerance capacitors may be incorporated into the design in a straightforward manner.