Noise characterization of linear circuits

The noise characterization of linear circuits is discussed in connection with the transformation of the noise parameters. The noise performance of two-ports is treated, as are methods for linear devices including correlated, uncorrelated, and partially correlated noise sources. Finally, the experimental determination of the noise parameters is described. Special attention is given to negative source resistances. It is shown that the noise performance of any linear two-port network can be completely characterized by 12 parameters; four noise and four complex network parameters.