Cost-based Optimal Design and Scheduling Operation of Hybrid Energy Stations in South Korea Using Battery Energy Storage Systems

The recent rapid increase in electric vehicles (EVs) and EV charging stations has led to the emergence of hybrid energy stations (ESs) that combine photovoltaic systems ($\mathbf{P V}$) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to produce power with optimized efficiency. Various types of ESs with different operational methods are being studied. This paper proposes an optimal sizing design and operation method for an ES, from the perspective of BESS operational modes, for cost optimization. The proposed algorithm divides the BESS modes into charging, discharging, and idle states based on the price differentials of peak times, system marginal price (SMP), and EV time of use (TOU), as well as the trend of EV arrivals. Using this algorithm, the optimal sizes of PV and BESS are determined, and the operation of BESS is analyzed. We hope that this paper will be helpful in cost optimization study of hybrid ESs.