Optimization of Absorber Layer for the Performance Enhancement of Lead-Free MASnI3 Based Perovskite Solar Cell

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite-based photovoltaic (PV) technology has experienced remarkable performance advancements, propelling it closer to commercial viability. Lead-free perovskite variants are now a focal point of research, offering potential solutions to concerns surrounding toxic lead-based alternatives. In this paper, we present our findings on optimizing the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on lead-free methylammonium tin iodide $(\text{MASnI}_{3})$ through numerical simulation techniques. A novel device structure with $\text{NiO}_{\mathrm{x}}$ as HTL (hole transport layer) and ZnO as ETL (electron transport layer) has been analyzed. The influence of several performance defining parameters such as absorption layer thickness; doping density and defect density have been taken under consideration. The architecture with optimized thickness of absorber layer yields very high Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of 33.58%. Variation of Fill Factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current density $(\mathrm{J}_{\text{SC}})$ has also been analyzed.