Enhanced Cooling Techniques for Photovoltaic Panels using Arduino-Controlled Water Circulation Systems

Photovoltaic solar systems harness solar energy using panels with multiple solar cells. These cells are semiconductor that convert sunlight energy directly into electrical energy through the PV process. However, they only convert less than 20% of the incoming solar radiation into electricity, with the rest turning into heat. Temperature is a crucial factor affecting the power output of these systems. As temperatures rises, electrical power decreases. Effective cooling enhances energy production by preventing cells from overheating and potential damage. Studies show that the overall efficiency and output of the PV modules are inversely related to their temperature. The growing demand for these PV systems is driven by their ability to produce clean, environmental friendly electricity from sunlight. Lower temperatures improve performance and efficiency, reduce temperature-induced power losses, and extend the modules' lifespan, leading to better long-term results.