Adaptive Domain-Adversarial Multi-Instance Learning for Wearable-Sensor-Based Parkinson’s Disease Severity Assessment

Wearable sensors combined with machine learning provide an effective solution for assessing Parkinson’s Disease (PD) severity. However, time-series data from wearable sensors often lack window-level labels for PD severity, resulting in weak supervision, which introduces the challenge of label noise. Additionally, patient variability causes distributional discrepancies, further complicating the learning process. To address these issues, we propose Adaptive Domain-Adversarial Multi-Instance Learning (ADAMIL), which combines and refines Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) with domain-adversarial techniques. We improve traditional MIL by incorporating self-attention mechanisms and learnable positional encoding, enabling ADAMIL to capture temporal dependencies more effectively, thus making it better suited for mitigating label noise in weakly supervised time-series data. Furthermore, ADAMIL refines domain-adversarial learning to autonomously align latent distributions, ensuring robust domain-invariant feature learning without relying on predefined labels. Experimental results show that ADAMIL achieves 85.29% accuracy and 80.57% F1-score in fine-grained PD severity classification, outperforming existing methods. Notably, this performance is achieved using only a single wrist-worn sensor, underscoring its potential for practical use in clinical and home settings. The code is available at https://github.com/xzxzy12345XZY/ADAMIL.