High-Frequency SSVEP-BCI With Row-Column Dual-Frequency Encoding and Decoding Strategy for Reduced Training Data

Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to be utilized in various fields due to their high accuracies and information transfer rates (ITR). High-frequency (HF) visual stimuli have shown promise in reducing visual fatigue and enhancing user comfort. However, these HF-SSVEP-BCIs often face limitations in the number of commands and typically require extensive individual training data to achieve high performance. In this study, we proposed a row-column dual-frequency encoding and decoding method using HF stimulation to develop a comfortable BCI system that supports multiple commands and reduces training costs. We arranged 20 targets in a matrix of five rows and four columns, with each target modulated by left-and-right field stimulation using two frequency-phase combinations. Targets in each row or column share a unique frequency-phase combination, allowing EEG data from the same row or column to be used collectively to train a row/column index decoding model for target identification. To evaluate the performance of our method, we constructed a 20-target asynchronous robotic arm control system with the adaptive window method. With only four training trials per target, the online system achieved an ITR of 105.14 ± 14.15 bits/min, a true positive rate of 98.18 ± 2.87%, a false positive rate of 7.39 ± 6.73%, and a classification accuracy of 91.88 ± 5.75%, with an average data length of 925.70 ± 45.44 ms. These results indicate that the proposed protocol can deliver accurate and rapid command outputs for a comfortable SSVEP-based BCI with minimal training data and fewer frequencies.