An Overview for Designing 6G Networks: Technologies, Spectrum Management, Enhanced Air Interface, and AI/ML Optimization

With previously unattainable performance metrics like terabit-per-second data rates, extremely low latency, and ubiquitous coverage, the next sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication technology promises to transform connectivity completely. This study highlights the major developments, difficulties, and potential uses of 6G while summarizing the state of research and development at the moment. The core technological foundations of 6G have been investigated, including terahertz (THz) frequency bands, in-band full duplex (IBFD) communication, and artificial intelligence/ML-driven network optimization. Additionally, it has been implied that 6G has the ability to facilitate transformational applications, such as body area networks, extended reality (XR), collaborating robotics (Cobots), smart grid 2.0, autonomous vehicles, intelligent healthcare systems, etc. Major challenges, including ultradense networking (UDN), spectrum allotment, security, and privacy, are evaluated severely. The purpose of this article is to guide future research and build a greater understanding of the revolutionary potential of 6G technology to restructure global communication networks by providing an overview of 6G research and development.