Energy-Efficient Beamforming for Downlink Multi-User Systems With Dynamic Metasurface Antennas

Energy efficiency (EE) has become a key design metric for the sustainable development of future wireless communications. Dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs), with their compact size and low power consumption, are considered a promising solution for improving EE. In this letter, we investigate the energy-efficient beamforming design for downlink multiple-input single-output communication systems, where the DMA-equipped base station serves multiple users simultaneously. We aim to maximize the energy efficiency by jointly optimizing the DMA weight matrix and the digital precoder, subject to the constraints of power budget and Lorentzian-phase. To address this complicated non-convex optimization problem, we develop an alternating optimization algorithm based on manifold optimization and sequential convex approximation. Numerical results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.