Dual-Polarimetric SAR Measurements to Observe Liquefaction Surface Manifestations

In this study, a methodology is proposed to use dual-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to identify the spatial distribution of soil liquefaction. The latter is a phenomenon that occurs in conjunction with seismic events of a magnitude generally higher than 5.5–6.0 and which affects loose sandy soils located below the water table level. The methodology consists of two steps: first the spatial distributions of soil liquefaction is estimated using a constant false alarm rate method applied to the SPAN metric, namely the total power associated with the measured polarimetric channels, which is ingested into a bitemporal approach to sort out dark areas not genuine. Second, the obtained masks are read in terms of the physical scattering mechanisms using a child parameter stemming from the eigendecomposition of the covariance matrix—namely the degree of polarization. The latter is evaluated using the coseismic scenes and contrasted with the preseismic one to have rough information on the time-variability of the scattering mechanisms occurred in the area affected by soil liquefaction. Finally, the obtained maps are qualitatively contrasted against state-of-the-art optical and interferometric SAR methodologies. Experimental results, obtained processing a time-series of ascending and descending Sentinel-1 SAR scenes acquired during the 2023 Türkiye–Syria earthquake, confirm the soundness of the proposed approach.