Intelligent optimization design of antipodal Vivaldi antenna for partial discharge detection of cables

In this study, a modified non-dominated sorting whale optimization algorithm (MNSWOA) is utilized for optimizing UHF antennas for partial discharge (PD) detection to satisfy the requirements of minimal return loss and maximal gain in the target frequency band. Based on an elite retention strategy, MNSWOA, significantly improving algorithm optimization and increasing population diversity, employs the one-point binary crossover and polynomial variation. Then, a Pareto optimal solution is selected as the proposed UHF antenna. Finally the experimental results demonstrate that the antenna achieves a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB and an average gain of 4.4 dBi within the frequency range from 1 GHz to 3 GHz.