Automatic TENS unit with Independent parameter control and Audio Indication

This paper provides a comprehensive review of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), focusing on its principles, techniques, and clinical research evidence in pain management. TENS units are electrotherapy devices that use gentle electrical pulses to stimulate nerves and manage pain. They are non-invasive, drug-free, and effective for various pain types. The paper explores theories like the Gate Control Theory (pain signal blocking) and the Opiate Theory (endorphin release) to explain TENS effectiveness. This paper details the technical aspects of constructing a TENS pulser circuit. The introduction of Relay Control, a Dual-timer IC for Pulse generation and audio Indication has been added to the main circuit for improvisation and better efficiency. This paper also discusses the importance of precise modulation of electrical pulses to enhance treatment efficacy and patient comfort. Additionally, the physiological effects of TENS output voltages and frequencies on the human body are explored, emphasizing the need for customized electrical stimulation parameters.