A Review of Key Factors Influencing Mind Wandering in Online Learning and the Role of Visual Design and Technological Interventions

In the expanding realm of online learning, student mind wandering has become an increasingly prominent challenge, negatively impacting learning efficiency and engagement. This review systematically investigates the effectiveness of visual design as a strategic intervention to reduce mind wandering in digital educational settings. Through a comprehensive selection process, this study critically analyzes key indicators of mind wandering and evaluates existing theoretical models addressing this issue. Special attention is dedicated to interventions utilizing visual design elements, gaze tracking technologies, and Region of Interest (ROI) methods for detection and management. Additionally, the review explores advanced technological tools that apply visual design principles to enhance student focus and engagement. Findings underscore the significant potential of visual design interventions to improve the online learning experience and provide actionable insights for future research aimed at practical implementation and evaluation. This review equips educational technologists and course designers with strategies to develop more engaging and immersive online learning environments, effectively addressing the challenge of mind wandering.