Multiple 3D-Printed Miniaturized Microbial Fuel Cells With Embedded Electrodes Optimized by Sustainable and Synergistic Perovskites Materials

Miniaturized Microbial Fuel Cells (MMFCs) are the focus of this research, aimed at enhancing microscale power generation in Single Chambered Microbial Fuel Cells (SMFCs). The study involves the development of two 3D-printed conductive devices using a Fused Deposition Modeling approach with polylactic acid (PLA). These devices feature inbuilt electrodes coated with piezoelectric materials. The research addresses key challenges, including low power output and voltage reversal, achieving power outputs of $8.72~\mu $ W/cm2 for Conductive Device I and $1.05~\mu $ W/cm2 for Conductive Device II. The incorporation of assistance electrodes demonstrates potential in mitigating voltage reversal and improving SMFC efficiency.