Strategic V2G Trading in Local Energy Market Considering Minimum Energy Requirement

As Electric Vehicles (EVs) adoption surges, Vehicleto-Grid(V2G) technologies, which allow EVs with lower cost and higher capacity batteries to discharge via bidirectional chargers, are poised to transform EV and charging stations into active participants in the local energy market, potential benefiting all stakeholders involved. In the meantime, the energy market often establishes an entry barrier to regulate the participation of EV charging stations for operation efficiency. This motivates us to study the strategic V2G energy trading behavior of EV charging stations in the local energy market considering minimum energy requirements. By analyzing the interactions among EVs, the charging station, and the local energy market, and by characterizing the equilibrium of this non-convex problem, we provide insights into the conditions when V2G trading will be economically viable. One observation is that when the maximum tradable energy of EV users is relatively limited, imposing a substantial penalty is crucial to discourage charging stations’ participation when they cannot satisfy the minimum energy requirement of the local energy market.