Distributed Voltage Control of Energy Storage Systems Combined With Electric Springs in the Presence of Cyber-Attacks

Given the unpredictable nature of renewable energy injection, a combination of second-life batteries and three-phase electric springs (ESs) is utilized to stabilize the bus voltage from the load side. Voltage stability for critical loads is achieved through the use of a voltage feedback-based reactive power regulation strategy, which makes effective use of the limited output current provided by the second-life batteries. In addition, a consensus algorithm is introduced to facilitate information sharing among multiple ESs, thereby ensuring voltage consensus and restoration. However, the consensus controller is exposed to the risk of false data injection (FDI) attacks, which could lead to voltage fluctuations in the converters. To address this issue, a distributed high-order differentiator (DHOD) is proposed, characterized by its fast response speed and high estimation accuracy, to detect and eliminate attack signals. Through both simulation and experimental validation, it is demonstrated that the proposed strategy enhances voltage stability and energy throughput, even when subjected to FDI attacks.