Advanced Techniques for Efficient Leakage Power Reduction in CMOS VLSI Circuits

Integrated circuits have become increasingly popular in high-performance computing, telecomunications, and consumer electronics owing to their capacity for greater computational and information processing power. However, power consumption is a significant concern in designing these devices, as it can impact their reliability, longevity, and operational costs. To address this issue, power reduction techniques have been developed for CMOS VLSI circuits. The purpose of using the desired technique is to reduce the amount of power consumed by the circuits. These techniques fall into three categories: architectural-level, circuit-level, and system-level. Architectural-level techniques involve designing low-power architectures. This can be achieved by reducing the number of active components, minimizing data movement, and using data compression techniques. Circuit-level techniques aim to reduce power consumption of individual circuit blocks. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling can be used to adjust the voltage and frequency of the device based on the workload, reducing power consumption when the workload is light and increasing it when the workload is heavy. Transistor switching-related charging and discharging processes account for most of the dynamic power usage. We explore various techniques, highlighting how good they are at decreasing dynamic power, including voltage scaling, power gating, and clock gating. Furthermore, developments in low-power circuit design are examined, including domino logic and energy-efficient flip-flops. System-level techniques aim to optimize the power consumption of the entire system through various techniques such as optimizing software algorithms and reducing communication overhead between components. In conclusion, power consumption is a critical issue in the design of CMOS VLSI circuits, and power reduction techniques are essential for meeting the ever- increasing demand for high-performance devices. By carefully selecting and implementing the appropriate power reduction techniques, designers can achieve greater energy efficiency and improve the overall performance and reliability of their devices.