An Energy-Efficient Multihop Routing Protocol for 3-D Bridge Wireless Sensor Network Based on Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm

A multihop routing protocol based on the secretary bird optimization algorithm (SBOA) is proposed to address the issues of limited node energy and unbalanced energy consumption in a 3-D bridge wireless sensor network (BWSN). This protocol offers a comprehensive solution that optimizes network lifetime and energy distribution. The method for calculating the optimal number of cluster heads (CHs) in 3-D BWSN is presented. Second, the network is clustered using the fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm, and suitable CHs are selected via the entropy weight method. Third, during the intercluster routing phase, SBOA is utilized to find the optimal path between CHs and base stations (BSs). Finally, a reclustering mechanism is proposed to control the frequency of updating the cluster structure, enhancing the energy efficiency of the proposed protocol. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime, energy efficiency, and energy consumption balance by 135%, 7%, and 59.3%, respectively, compared with current mainstream methods. Therefore, the proposed protocol exhibits good adaptability in 3-D BWSN.