Charging Experience Enhancement for Electric and Hydrogen Vehicles Through a PV-Based Mobile Multi-Charging Station

The limitations of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) such as long charging times combined with the increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) have led to queues forming at charging stations. Compounding this issue is the overstay effect, where vehicles occupy charging stations even after they are fully charged, exacerbating congestion. On the other hand, the promotion of Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) requires substantial attention to hydrogen production. In this context, we propose an electric charging station integrated with Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRSs), equipped with Photovoltaic (PV) panels, electrolyzer, hydrogen storage systems, and Mobile Charging Stations (MCS). To address the challenges of overstaying and hydrogen promotion simultaneously, we present a mathematical model aimed at optimizing the operation of joint charging stations and HRSs while mitigating the overstay effect. By strategically deploying MCS and leveraging renewable energy, the model not only alleviates queue congestion but also ensures a consistent supply of hydrogen for FCEVs, even during periods of low PV energy generation. Through comparative analysis, the study demonstrates the tangible benefits of implementing the proposed model.