Source Imaging Method based on Spatial Smoothing and Edge Sparsity (SISSES) and Its Application to OPM-MEG

Source estimation in magnetoencephalography (MEG) involves solving a highly ill-posed problem without a unique solution. Accurate estimation of the time course and spatial extent of the source is important for studying the mechanisms of brain activity and preoperative functional localization. Traditional methods tend to yield small-amplitude diffuse or large-amplitude focused source estimates. Recently, the structured sparsity-based source imaging algorithm has emerged as one of the most promising algorithms for improving source extent estimation. However, it suffers from a notable amplitude bias. To improve the spatiotemporal resolution of reconstructed sources, we propose a novel method called the source imaging method based on spatial smoothing and edge sparsity (SISSES). In this method, the temporal dynamics of sources are modeled using a set of temporal basis functions, and the spatial characteristics of the source are represented by a first-order Markov random field (MRF) model. In particular, sparse constraints are imposed on the MRF model residuals in the original and variation domains. Numerical simulations were conducted to validate the SISSES. The results demonstrate that SISSES outperforms benchmark methods for estimating the time course, location, and extent of patch sources. Additionally, auditory and median nerve stimulation experiments were performed using a 31-channel optically pumped magnetometer MEG system, and the SISSES was applied to the source imaging of these data. The results demonstrate that SISSES correctly identified the source regions in which brain responses occurred at different times, demonstrating its feasibility for various practical applications.