Multi-Transaction and Carbon-Aware Strategies for Profit-Oriented FDIAs on Electricity Trading Systems

The integration of information systems in energy markets enhances operational efficiency. However, this integration introduces cybersecurity risks, particularly profit-oriented-false-data-injection-attacks (FDIAs), which aim to cause economic losses by manipulating energy prices. This paper identifies two underexplored aspects of profit-oriented FDIA research. First, existing attack models focus on single virtual transactions with fixed trading volumes, overlooking the potential of attackers engaging in a multi-transaction with adjustable volumes. Second, the transition towards a carbon-aware Locational-Marginal-Price (LMP) mechanism, driven by low-carbon initiatives, remains uninvestigated in profit-oriented-FDIA contexts. This paper proposes a strategic FDIA model to explore attack strategies across multiple transactions and evaluate the impact of carbon-aware LMP on FDIA effectiveness. The proposed attack model, evaluated using the PJM 5-bus system, demonstrates its potential to cause both economic losses and unintended carbon emissions. This highlights the urgency of enhancing cybersecurity measures in the integrated electricity and carbon markets, given evolving carbon emission regulations.