Toward Construction 4.0: A Hybrid Centralized-Decentralized UML Model for Enhancing Procurement and Inventory in Construction Projects

In construction projects, delays and budget overruns often stem from inefficient procurement and inventory management practices. This study presents a novel UML model designed to streamline procurement and inventory management processes. The model aims to bridge the gap between conventional and digital construction practices. By integrating centralized control with decentralized decision-making, the model offers a dynamic solution for managing real-time tracking, procurement autonomy, and operational efficiency across multiple projects. Key features include the use of use-case, activity, class, and sequence diagrams to model the material flow, procurement lifecycle, and data-driven decision-making processes. This work is a significant step towards enabling the practical application of Construction 4.0 principles. In addition it sets a new standard in the field, providing a scalable and adaptable solution ready for empirical validation in future case studies.