Advancements and Challenges in the Development of Robotic Lower Limb Prostheses: A Systematic Review

Lower limb prosthetics, essential for restoring mobility in individuals with limb loss, have witnessed significant advancements in recent years. This systematic review reports the recent research advancements in the field of semi-active and active lower limb prostheses. The review focuses on the mechatronic features of the devices, the sensing and control strategies, and the performance verification with end-users. A total of 53 prosthetic prototypes were identified and analyzed, including 16 knee-ankle prostheses, 18 knee prostheses, and 19 ankle prostheses. The review highlights some of the open challenges in the field of prosthetic research.