A Novel BIBO Automated Ticketing System Based on Blockchain Mobile Sensors for Public Transport Modes

This paper proposes a novel Be-in and Be-Out (BIBO) automated ticketing system based on blockchain mobile sensors for public transport modes (e.g., metro, tram, train, and bus). The existing Bluetooth and GPS-integrated BIBO suffering from fraud may involve users deliberately turning off their Bluetooth connection during a trip to deceive the system into charging a reduced fare. Even if Bluetooth is turned off or there is a loss of mobile ticketing connection, the system can still gather sufficient location data to compute fares. However, this becomes impossible if a user's phone is powered off. This paper tackled these issues and suggested a blockchain-enabled BIBO mobile sensors-enabled automated system based on socket programming for public transport. We aim to generate BIBO automated ticketing based on mobile sensors without Bluetooth and GPS while boarding public transport. This paper presents the blockchain mobile ticketing system (BMTS-BIBO) algorithm, which consists of different steps to solve the problem. We trained the ticketing model based on a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) and integrated it with socket programming based on the application. Simulation results show that the BMTS-BIBO algorithm outperformed and obtained 98% BIBO ticketing without GPS and Bluetooth.