Design of Electric Vehicle with Self-Balance Approach using Gyroscopic Effect and Autonomous Systems

Bicycles, bikes, and other two-wheeled vehicles are ubiquitous and serve an essential role in transportation, making them a critical component of basic human mobility needs. Despite their widespread use, the fundamental design of these vehicles has remained relatively unchanged for a long time, always requiring a rider for balance and navigation. Stability is a significant concern for two-wheeled vehicles within the complex transportation system. Balancing a two-wheeled vehicle is inherently more challenging than a four-wheeled one. This study compares the mechanisms for constructing an inline two-wheel electric bike that can self-balance using a gyroscope, demonstrating how this technology can enhance transportation safety and reduce accidents. The concept of gyroscopic precession is central to the construction and analysis of a self-balancing two-wheeler. By leveraging the gyroscopic effect, it becomes possible to balance a bike even in the absence of a human rider. The main idea is that by actively controlling the motion of the gyroscope relative to the vehicle’s body, a stabilizing moment is generated. This study proposes the use of a BLDC motor and a servo for steering control to power an autonomous bike, equipped with a control system designed to prevent it from toppling over, whether in motion or stationary. The primary objective of this research study is to construct a prototype bike that uses a reaction wheel for self-balancing. Data from an MPU-6050 sensor, which measures the tilt angle, is used to inform the vehicle’s responses, ensuring it maintains an upright stance on its two wheels. The sensor continuously monitors the bike’s tilt and provides feedback to the control system, which then adjusts the reaction wheel accordingly to maintain balance. This innovative approach not only promises to make two-wheeled transportation safer but also showcases the potential for integrating advanced gyroscopic technology into everyday vehicles, thereby reducing the risk of accidents and enhancing overall stability.