Doppler Shift Analysis for Enhanced Satellite Communication in Low Earth Equatorial Orbits

Satellite communications are crucial to the global telecommunications infrastructure, with approximately 2000 satellites orbiting Earth to relay analog and digital signals. These satellites, moving at an average speed of 27,358 km/h, induce Doppler frequency shifts that can significantly impact communication reliability. This study investigates the Doppler frequency shift across various carrier frequency bands (L, S, X, Ku, and Ka) in Low Earth Equatorial Orbit (LEEO) satellites. Utilizing Matlab simulations to model orbital paths at different altitudes, this research quantifies the Doppler shifts and corresponding rates for each frequency band. Results indicate a direct correlation between higher carrier frequencies and increased Doppler shifts, underscoring the need for effective Doppler compensation techniques to enhance communication link performance. The findings provide essential data for optimizing Phase Lock Loop (PLL) designs in transceivers, which is crucial for future satellite operations in equatorial regions.