Demystifying Two-Dimensional Asymmetrical Grounding Impacts on Monopole Antennas at 433 MHz

Similar to other types of antennas, the miniaturization of monopole antennas in a specific spatial direction while enhancing or maintaining their key performance, such as gain, has been a fundamental obstacle. Given that the majority of industrial user scenarios are limited to a finite ground plane possessing finite electrical conductivity, the efficacy of the ground plane, as determined by its size and conductivity, serves as a practical constraint on the attainable gain. Prior work of the author has shown the augmentation of a square-shaped ground plane dimensions from
$\mathbf{0.14}\ \boldsymbol{\lambda}$
to
$\mathbf{14}\ \boldsymbol{\lambda}$
results in a corresponding amplification of the gain (PEC directivity) from the 3D radiation pattern. Specifically, the gain increases from 1.79 dBi and reaches a plateau at 6.7 dBi
$(\mathbf{5.78}\ \boldsymbol{\lambda})$
, before eventually saturating at 7.49 dBi
$(\mathbf{13}\ \boldsymbol{\lambda})$
. Acknowledging the constraints of one-dimensional (1D) variability in the past work, this study follows up with a renewed scholarly focus on the fundamental differentiation of novel advancements in two-dimensional (2D) grounding variation, as well as the consequentially observed space-saving and aspect-ratio-related directivity-enhancing effects of an asymmetric grounding monopole operating at 433 MHz.