Automatic Generation Control of Hybrid Sources Incorporating Renewable Energy Sources and Electric Vehicles in an Interconnected Power System Considering a Deregulated Environment

This paper investigates the automatic generation control in a deregulated environment for three unequal interconnected power systems involving renewable energy sources and electric vehicles. In each area, there are reheat thermal plants combined with various renewable energy sources, including solar photovoltaic plant, wind turbine plant, hydropower plant, biodiesel engine generators, biogas turbine generators, and electric vehicles. Non-linearities, such as generation rate constraints and governor dead bands, are taken into consideration. This paper proposes a new cascade controller called the two degree of freedom Tilt integral Derivative with Filter cascaded with Fractional order Tilt Integral controller using a new Zebra optimization algorithm to optimize controller parameters. Several case studies are done to illustrate the robustness of the proposed controller and optimization. It has been observed that the deviation in frequency’s settling time, peak overshoots, and undershoots are better with including EV by 55%,71.4% and 44.4% in Area1, 55.6%, 62.5% and 14.2% in Area 2, 30.3% and 46.15% in Area 3 than the system without EV.