Optimal Design of a PIDD2 Controller for an AVR System Using Hybrid Whale Optimization Algorithm

Many meta-heuristic algorithms have been used in designing PID controllers to control automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. PIDD2 controller is a PID controller with second-order derivative gain. The fireworks whale optimization algorithm is an advanced metaheuristic algorithm that combines fireworks and whale optimization algorithms. It has good exploratory properties because it explores a large potential space and avoids premature local optima. This paper presents a PIDD2 controller for improving the performance of the AVR system using the hybrid whale optimization algorithm. The simulation results, divided into two parts based on whether the limitation of the excitation voltage is considered or not, include a detailed analysis of the proposed controller in terms of step response, stability analysis, trajectory tracking, parameter uncertainty, and rejection of disturbance. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller of the AVR system, it was compared with the controllers in recent literature in each of the aforementioned terms. The proposed controller, in most comparisons, provides better results than other controllers. All these results demonstrate that the performance and robustness of the proposed controller are competitive.