A Multi-Agent Framework for P2P Energy Trading With EV Aggregators Supporting V2X Services

The number of electric vehicles (EVs) has multiplied rapidly due to governments' push towards clean energy transition. Being an integral part of future transportation-power coupling, how to make the most of these EVs in this interdependent interaction while respecting their privacy concerning EV batteries' state conditions and physical limits becomes critical. This paper proposes a new peer-to-peer energy trading framework between EV aggregators and local entities with distributed energy resources. The framework enables the efficient use of EV batteries for various vehicle-to-everything (V2X) operations, like vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-vehicle, while ensuring safe operation and protection of confidential data. Safe operating envelopes are developed to control EV battery state of charge and temperature limits, reducing dimensionality without compromising accuracy and privacy. Additionally, an incentive model is introduced to capture the EV owner's willingness to support V2X and undergo multiple charge/discharge cycles during the trading period. Moreover, a model predictive control-based architecture is developed to effectively manage the dynamic nature of EV arrivals and departures. The proposed peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading framework incorporates grid constraints and has been rigorously evaluated through numerical simulations conducted using the IEEE 33-bus distribution network with 5 prosumer agents, hosting a combination of solar PVs and multiple EVs. Simulation results show that the framework facilitates efficient engagement of EVs in P2P energy trading without violating their safe operational limits as well as the grid constraints.