Human-Centric Considerations in Deploying Biometric Modalities: A Multi-Modal Approach for Public Services Application

This research aims to aid public service organizations in selecting effective multi-modal authentication technology to mitigate authentication risks and facilitate informed decision-making, preventing financial burdens associated with unsuccessful system implementations. It has become a financial burden for organisations to deploy inappropriate technology in an environment that ultimately goes unused and may lead to unsuccessful system implementations. Different biometric attributes, characteristics, qualities, and criteria - the environment (organisation), budget and business requirements, specifications, design, system performance, the information technology infrastructure, operations, and post-deployment functions - must be compared. The research methodology also encompasses the execution of a survey, concomitant with factor analysis, which serves as the cornerstone for assessing the model. The model evaluation survey, conducted with participants aged 18 to 55, garnered a response rate of 99.4% from respondents who positively consented to participate in the study. In order to analyse and evaluate the proposed model, this research incorporates a spectrum of intricate statistical techniques, including descriptive statistics, factor analysis, chi-square for goodness of fit, Mardia's coefficient, multivariate kurtosis, and path model analysis. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by studying the human factors that impact public awareness, perception, and the usability of multi-modal biometrics. The formalised model proposed in the study will be of value to the public services environment that may need to deploy multi-modal biometric authentication technologies to minimise future failed deployments.