Blockchain Programming Languages Vulnerabilities and Error Mitigation Strategies

Blockchain as a decentralized, immutable ledger technology has recently drawn a lot of attention from the research and business communities as a platform for new kinds of digital services. The new platform caused the emergence of new programming languages tailored for it, new programming styles, but also new types of vulnerabilities which can sometimes cause large financial losses. In this paper, we present the current state of blockchain-specific programming languages. We show which domain-specific languages are in active use, which known vulnerabilities still exist, and present mitigation strategies for avoiding programming mistakes that might lead to bugs with significantly negative financial implications.