Effects of Mountainous Terrain Considering Roughness and Vegetation on Microwave Radiation

Mountains account for approximately 24% of the global land area and are crucial in regulating regional and global climate. However, the terrain not only introduces observation errors in the microwave remote sensing data acquisition process but also affects the microwave scattered radiation on the surface and the redistribution of hydrothermal energy, thereby influencing the accuracy of surface parameter inversion. To address this issue, this article incorporates roughness and vegetation models into the mountain radiation model to simulate the changes in surface microwave radiation in mountainous areas. By considering terrain parameters, soil moisture, and temperature, we can use Rugosity (RU) to accurately estimate the topographic effects on the brightness temperature of mountainous area. A higher RU value indicates a more substantial impact of soil moisture and temperature on the brightness temperature difference.