Minimum Peak Energy QAM Constellations

Underwater acoustic communications face many constraints, including power limitations due to cavitation threshold. Minimum peak energy constellations are proposed based on optimal circle packing, and their main energy metrics are compared to other QAM constellations. At last, this work presents simulated performance curves over AWGN channel and indicates some bit-to-symbol mapping schemes to reduce overall Gray code penalty for the proposed constellations.