Enabling Efficient Vehicle–Road Cooperation Through AIoT: A Deep Learning Approach to Computational Offloading

The integration of Artificial Intelligence with the Internet of Things significantly enhances the functionality of vehicle–road cooperation (VRC) systems by enabling smarter, real-time decision-making and resource optimization across interconnected vehicular networks. To tackle the challenges associated with resource constraints, this study introduces a method where vehicle users can offload tasks to nearby roadside units (RSUs) or service-oriented vehicles to ensure timely application execution. However, this task offloading introduces additional transmission delays and energy expenditures. Consequently, this article first conceptualizes the computation offloading problem, aiming to minimize the total task processing time and energy consumption under the constraints of resources provided by RSUs and service-oriented vehicles. We model the computation offloading issue within the VRC framework as a Markov decision process (MDP) and propose a multiagent reinforcement learning-based resource scheduling method. Each vehicle, acting as an intelligent agent, interacts with and influences decisions within this environment. The method integrates the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm to train deep neural networks for deciding on task offloading and computational resource allocation. Simulation results demonstrate that compared to existing algorithms, the proposed method more effectively utilizes the computational resources available through RSUs and service-oriented vehicles within the VRC system. It achieves joint optimization of latency and energy consumption, thus validating the efficacy of the proposed approach in enhancing the operational efficiency and sustainability of urban transportation systems.