A Subcellular-Resolution Multimodal CMOS Biosensor Array with 16K Ion-Selective Pixels for Real-Time Monitoring Potassium Dynamics

Ion sensing offers an efficient tool for deep understanding of ion channel-related diseases such as K+ for hyperproliferative tumors [1]. In this work, we present the first biocompatible ion-selective bioimaging array for cellular characterization and modulation, fully integrated in a CMOS chip with 16K multi-modal pixels at a subcellular $5.4-\mu \mathrm{m}$ -pitch resolution. This multimodal CMOS cell interfacing array consists of in-pixel biosensing/actuation circuits for cell localization, ion-selective concentration monitoring, and plasma membrane stimulation.