A review of electric vehicles charging and discharging patterns and control

The greenhouse effect has accelerated the development of battery-powered, zero-emission electric vehicles, which will rule the transportation industry. Recently, control form concepts for charging and discharging electric vehicles (EVs) using stochastics methods have been introduced by researchers. On the other hand, harmonics that EV chargers may introduce into the grid could lead to instability. They may also overload regional transformers, cause electric cables, circuit breakers, and fuses to overheat, and put undue strain on the electric distribution system, which can lead to problems with voltage regulation during peak hours. The charging and discharging performance were examined in relation to various stochastic methods of charging and discharging in this paper. Thus, a thorough analysis concluded that in order to reduce charging losses, shorten charging times, and increase discharging profits, an intelligent control model with long short-term memory must be included.