Role of oxidative stress and mitochondria dysfunction in Diabetes mellitus disease

The concept of oxidative stress has been shown by emerging evidence to be the basis of a large number of heterogeneous diseases or malfunctions in the body. The corresponding mitochondria dysfunction is a crucial effect of oxidative stress that will be delved into in this review. The mitochondria are responsible for energy generation in the body, thus a malfunction in its energy generation process also brings about a range of biophysiochemical dysfunctions. However, the review aims to link, clarify, and demonstrate the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as direct cause of endocrine diseases. Data were obtained through a review of scientific articles published in a variety of databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Several web articles are also used in this review. Overproduction and accumulation of free radicals, which is a defining factor in oxidative stress process, cause DNA mutations in the mitochondria. Since the production of steroid hormones is among mitochondria's primary functions, these abnormalities frequently manifest as hyper- or hyposecretion of hormones, which can result in endocrine disorders.