Sustainable Bio-oil and Biochar Products from Waste Biomass: A Review of Production Techniques and Applications

With the abundance of environmental wastes in Nigeria, waste biomass has been utilized to generate different bioenergy products including bio-oil and biochar. The focus of this review paper is to explore the production techniques of bio-oil and biochar from waste biomass and plastic, the effect of the thermochemical conversion processes on the structural components of biomass, and the various applications of bio-oil and biochar products. The pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and heating rate are the factors that could impact the final product (bio-oil). Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin decomposition contribute to the quality of the final product. The areas of future studies were highlighted in the study.