Applicability of Transition metals as grain refiners in Cu shape memory alloy: potentials and trends

Shape memory alloys and in this context, copper-based shape memory alloys are gaining fast recognition in recent times. Great research is being done on the properties, applicability, production methods, and their limitations. This paper discusses shape memory alloys in general and focuses more on the effect of transitional elements such as scandium, indium, cerium, and others on the mechanical properties of Cu-based SMAs. It was found that when combined in micro quantities transitional metals are great refiners of these alloys which in turn affect the mechanical properties.