Mitigation of Deformation during MIG and TIG Welding of High-Strength Steel X65 Pipes: A Review

This paper provides an extensive review of deformation mechanisms and mitigation strategies in Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding of High-Strength Steel (HSS) X65 pipes. The work elucidates the complex nature of welding-induced deformation, detailing factors such as thermal expansion and contraction, phase transformation-induced volume changes, and residual stress build-up. It critically assesses a range of conventional and advanced mitigation techniques, The paper evaluates their effectiveness in enhancing the structural integrity and dimensional accuracy of welded joints, while highlighting potential areas for future research and development.