Propagation of extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves generated by horizontal electric dipoles in ice-covered seawater

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is widely recognized as a valuable tool for computing electromagnetic fields due to its straightforward physical principles and computational simplicity. In this study, we employ the total field-scattering field source (TSS) FDTD method to analyze the propagation properties of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves in ice-covered seawater. A three-dimensional (3D) computational model based on the TSS-FDTD method is developed. Subsequently, simulations are conducted to investigate the impact of varying sea ice thickness on electromagnetic wave propagation, demonstrating the validity of the proposed methodology.