Energy-Efficient Power Allocation Schemes Under Delay-Outage Constraints Using Fluid Antennas

Fluid antennas (FAs) are emerging as a key innovation in enhancing wireless system performance. In this paper, we develop optimal energy-efficient power allocation schemes for FA-assisted wireless communications under delay-outage constraints. Specifically, we model the optimal power allocation as an effective energy efficiency (EEE) maximization problem and then introduce two schemes: one based on the Dinkelbach algorithm and another based on a root-finding algorithm under data rate constraints. Simulation results show that both schemes significantly improve energy efficiency but particularly suited to different quality-of-service(QoS) scenarios.