GWO-Tuned Supertwisted Integral Synergetic Control of Buck Converter Feeding Resistive and Constant Power Load in DC Microgrid

Constant power loads (CPLs) can cause DC mi-crogrid instability due to their negative incremental impedance behavior. This paper introduces a grey wolf optimizer tuned su-pertwisted integral synergetic control (GWO-STISC) to regulate the output voltage and inductor current of a buck converter in a DC microgrid amidst CPL, resistive load, and input voltage fluctuations. Simulation results and comparisons with existing controllers validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, demonstrating improved system dynamic response with reduced settling time (< 1.1ms), shorter rise time (< 0.8ms), minimal steady-state error (< 0.22mV), zero transient overshoot, negli-gible chattering, minimal shoot (< 390mV), and lower retracing time (< 1.77ms) during CPL variations.