Performance of Time-Domain Line Protection Using Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulations on a System With Inverter-Based Resource

The increasing integration of photovoltaic sources and wind turbines in electrical power systems worldwide poses challenges to the safety and reliability of protection systems. These sources, known as Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), introduce vulnerabilities. In response, manufacturers of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) have been suggesting new protection logic for systems with IBR, and time-domain protection is emerging as a promising solution. This study analyzes the performance of such IEDs when applied to an electrical system with IBR. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations were conducted using the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS™), interfaced with a pair of IEDs equipped with time-domain protection functions. The tests evaluate the safety and performance of time-domain line protection in comparison with phasor-based protection. Despite continued dependency on the communication channel, the results indicate improved reliability, especially in scenarios involving fault resistance, and enhanced accuracy in fault location.