Second Life Electric Vehicle Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage Applications: An Analysis of Technical and Economic Feasibility

This paper provides a critical analysis of the state of the art of Second Life Batteries (SLBs) in stationary energy storage applications. A review of the recent literature is presented, focusing on the technical and economic feasibility of SLBs across a range of stationary storage applications. A case study of the Irish electricity grid is presented, evaluating the alignment of SLB availability with future market needs. This paper highlights the uncertain technical and economic viability of SLBs at grid scale. It emphasises the need for standardisation and improved understanding of SLB performance and reliability in second life applications. It was also observed that a growing number of studies showed higher total costs for SLBs compared to new batteries for stationary energy storage applications.