Triphenylamine and Carbazol as Hole Transport Materials in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Significant attention is directed towards advancing dyesensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs comprise a complex assembly of components, each playing a critical role in facilitating efficient energy conversion. Of particular significance are the hole transport materials (HTMs), which serve as integral components responsible for transporting positive charges within the cell. HTMs encompass various classes of materials, in the meantime small organic compounds have emerged as the forefront contenders for facilitating charge transport in Solid-state dye-synthesized solar cells (ssDSCs). triphenylamine and carbazol emerge as a prominent candidate, owing to its unique chemical structure and inherent electrondonating properties. Triphenylamine exhibits a pronounced capacity for donating electrons, primarily attributed to the lone pair of nitrogen atoms and the arrangement of three phenyl rings within its molecular framework. This structural configuration facilitates efficient charge transfer mechanisms within the solar cell, consequently enhancing the stability and performance of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells.