Clustering Routing Algorithm for Underwater Sensor Networks Based on Improved Northern Pale Eagle Optimisation Algorithm

Aiming at the energy loss in underwater sensor networks, a routing algorithm based on improved Northern Goshawk Optimisation (NGO) algorithm is proposed. With the determination of the optimal number of cluster heads, the individual fitness function of the northern goshawk is constructed by considering the energy and distance factors. Cluster head selection is optimized using the NGO algorithm. The position update rate of candidate cluster head nodes is adjusted using convex lens and positive cosine strategies to broaden local search and expedite global search convergence. Through MATLAB simulation, the improved algorithm improves the uptime by 23.4% and 85% compared to the LEACH-improved algorithm and the classical LEACH algorithm, which effectively cuts down the network energy consumption and increases the network working time.